Pirates and Privateers

Look at any of the surviving articles of agreement under which pirates sail, and you’ll notice that some are warnings to the crew. Harmony amongst themselves, otherwise discord erupts and chaos reigns. This is why some crews forbid women on their ships.

No Boy or Woman to be allowed amongst them. If any Man were found seducing any of the latter Sex, and carried her to Sea, disguised, he was to suffer Death. (Johnson, 171)

When ships were captured and women were found aboard, as happened when Bartholomew Roberts’s men took Onslow, “they put a Centinel immediately over her to prevent ill Consequences from so dangerous an Instrument of Division and Quarrel.” (Johnson, 171) Note: This wasn’t done to protect the lady; rather, it was done to keep the men from arguing or fighting amongst themselves. Nor did this mean the lady was safe from molestation. “[T]hey contend who shall be Centinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest Bullies, who, to secure the Lady’s Virtue, will let none lye with her but himself.” (Johnson, 171)

This practice came back to haunt William Mead and David Simpson. According to her testimony, Elizabeth Trengove swore Mead

was very rude to her, swearing and cursing, as also forcing her hoop’d Petticoat off; and to prevent more of his Impudence, which she was afraid off, went down into the Gunner’s Room by Advice of one Mitchel a Pyrate. (Full, 34)

She did as Mitchel bid, but other pirates witnessed her passage through the ship. Their threats brought Roberts to the scene and he ordered her locked up until he had time to decide her outcome. The guard he assigned to protect her, Quartermaster David Simpson, assaulted her. At his trial, he denied none of the facts and was judged guilty. He was hanged on 3 April 1722, “without the Gates of the Castle . . . [his] Body hung in Chains.” (Full, 24) Simpson supposedly walked

to the Gallows without a Tear . . . at seeing a Woman that he knew, said, ‘he had lain with that B—h three times, and now she was come to see him hanged.’ (Johnson, 258)

The court decided the king should decide the outcome of Mead’s fate, so he was sent back to Marshalsea, a prison in England. Mitchel might have been John Mitchell, who was judged guilty and condemned to serve seven years of hard labor, which essentially was a death sentence in Africa.

Pirates of the nineteenth century tended to be more brutal than their earlier counterparts. Their catchphrase seemed to be “Dead men tell no tales.” And their idea of “fun” was certainly not how the victims defined that word. In 1828, Benito de Soto gave orders to sink Morning Star, but not before his men plundered the ship and the women aboard. When the pirates boarded, Annie Logie, one of the military wives bound for home, locked herself and the other women and their children in the roundhouse, but later admitted,

We had no means to defend ourselves barricaded in there, all the while hearing shouts in foreign tongues. Later our menfolk were forced below into the cargo hold by the attackers and the hatch covers were hammered shut. (Ford, 70)

She warned the women not to resist, and when the leader demanded that she be brought to him, she went.

Passing her infant to one of the women, she slid open the iron door lock and was half-dragged onto the sunlit quarterdeck . . . [and] was shoved roughly towards the makeshift canopy of torn sailcloth draped over a spar where Barbazan sat. (Ford, 72-73)

As far as the pirates were concerned, it was time to celebrate. The ship’s cook cooked “four fowl from the hen cook” and stemware was taken from the captain’s cabin to drink from. While the pirates imbibed, Anne prayed that they would become so intoxicated that they would pass out. It was not to be.

As dusk fell, reeking of sweat and wine, Barbazan leered at Anne Logie, shoving a wine bottle at her, fondling her with a greasy hand, and when her husband lunged towards Barbazan, he was overpowered by two of the pirates who dragged him towards the cargo hatch. (Ford, 74)

Women suffer at hands of pirates aboard Morning Star
(Source: The Pirates Own Book by Charles Ellms, 1837)

Anne and the others suffered until the drink finally knocked the pirates senseless. It was a short reprieve, because the next morning Captain Benito de Soto, who was still aboard the pirate ship, ordered his men to lock up all the captives and drill holes in Morning Star’s hull. Instead of waiting to make certain she sank, the pirates sailed away. The women managed to escape from the roundhouse and free their husbands and the crew. Together, they manned the pump and kept the ship afloat long enough for a passing vessel to rescue them several days later.

As despicable as such encounters were, pirates were more likely to follow the adage of all’s fair in love and war, and pirates of the golden age and later made it clear that they were the enemies of all mankind . . . at sea. It was often a different story when they were on land.

While women, for the most part, were excluded from pirate ships per the companies’ articles, they were a welcome sight when pirates went ashore with money to burn. The 1680 census of Port Royal, Jamaica, mentioned only a single brothel among the many structures in the city. The proprietor was John Starr, and his workers included twenty-three women and two Blacks. There must have been other such establishments, but they were either significantly smaller or within buildings where selling ale or punch was the primary business.

(Source: Deviant Art)

For law-abiding people, Port Royal was so bad that it was likened to the biblical city of Sodom because of the proliferation of taverns, ordinaries, and brothels. The latter included

‘such a crew of vile strumpets, and common prostitutes, that tis almost impossible to civilize’ the town, since they were ‘its walking plague, against which neither cage, whip nor ducking-stool would prevail.’ (Preston, 28)

These women weren’t necessarily raving beauties.

In their smockes ore linen peticotes, bare-footed without shoes or stockins, with a straw hatt and a red tobacco pipe in their mouths, [they would] trampouse about their streets in this their warlike posture, and thus arrayed will booze a cupp of punch cumly with anyone. (Pawson, 144)

Some pirates ventured into Betty Ware’s tavern where, once inebriated, they would cross cutlasses in front of women who spoke and behaved more like men. They had names like Buttock-de-Clink Jenny, No-Conscience Nan, and Salt-Beef Peg. One of the most famous was Mary Carleton, also known as the German Princess because she assumed such a role after a case of mistaken identity.

Decking herself in jewels and finery and passing as Maria de Wolway, she came to London as a noble German lady forced to flee an unwanted marriage. Her appearance of wealth was aided by false letters from the continent attesting to estates. (Todd)

She married a man named Carleton in 1663, who hoped to gain those properties. When he didn’t and Mary’s true identity became known, she was arrested and tried on charges of bigamy. She never swayed from her story during the trial; she even turned the tables on Carleton, saying he was the one spreading lies. She was acquitted, had several lovers, and changed her identity several more times. Later, she filched a silver tankard and got caught. A jury sentenced her to hang; instead, she was transported to Port Royal in 1671. (Transport became more common two decades later because so many strumpets were crowding gaols. It cost the Crown £8 per person to send them overseas.)

She left an impression on those who frequented Port Royal. A contemporary said:

A stout frigate she was or else she never could have endured so many batteries and assaults . . . she was as common as a barber’s chair: no sooner was one out, but another was in. (Preston, 28)

Even after Mary returned to London, she continued her deceits and thievery, which again landed her in jail. This time around, she didn’t escape the hangman’s noose on 22 January 1673.

The most powerful pirate in Asian waters was once a prostitute. She was visited by the pirate Zheng Yi, who commanded the Red Flag Fleet. He asked her to be his wife, but she agreed to do so only if she received an equal portion of plunder and if he treated her as his equal. Zheng Yi Sao would later become powerful enough to threaten the existence of the imperial navy, and her influence and success eventually allowed her to dictate the terms of her retirement with the Chinese emperor.

Whereas Western pirates frequented brothels on land, many brothels in China were found on the water. Karl Gützlaff, a nineteenth-century German missionary, wrote,

As soon as we had anchored, numerous boats surrounded us, with females on board, some of them brought by their parents, husbands, or brothers. I addressed the sailors who remained in the junk, and hoped that I had prevailed on them, in some degree, to curb their evil passions. But, alas! no sooner had I left the deck, than they threw off all restraint; and the disgusting scene which ensued, might well have entitled our vessel to the name of Sodom. (Gutzlaff, 88)

The floating brothels in Canton were known as “flower boats,” and in 1770, estimates placed the number of such establishments at 8,000.

Some historians have suggested that some pirates preferred to rendezvous with other men. Among Western pirates, David Cordingly wrote, “it seems likely that the percentage of pirates who were actively homosexual was similar to that in the Royal Navy, and reflected the proportion of homosexuals in the population at large.” (163) Benerson Little has “come across little to support” the opinion that pirates “were actually active homosexual communities.” His research suggests the opposite. (Little, Sea, 209)

In Asia, however, the lines among personal relationships between pirates and their mates or pirates and captives was more blurred. Having more than one partner wasn’t unusual. When Zhang Bao was a young boy, he was taken captive by Zheng Yi. The pirate chief took Zhang Bao under his wing, teaching him to be a pirate and bonding with him personally to keep him loyal. After Zheng Yi’s death, Zhang Bao became Zheng Yi Sao’s lover; she had been his adoptive mother since she was married to Zheng Yi.

Pirates capture John Turner by unknown artist, circa 1807
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

J. L. Turner, an Englishman serving as first mate of a trading ship, found himself the prisoner of Cheng Yat in 1806. He observed the Red Flag Fleet’s treatment of women.

With respect to the women who fall into their hands, the handsomest are reserved by them for wives and concubines; the chiefs and captains having frequently three or more, the others seldom more than one; and having once made the choice of a wife, they are obliged to be constant to her, no promiscuous intercourse being allowed amongst them. (Turner, 13)

A contemporary of Zheng Zhilong mentions that “As a young man, [he] was pleasing to the eye, and Li Dan took him as his male lover.” (Andrade, 25) Whether this was true or not cannot be determined because the biographer was relatively unknown and no documentary evidence exists to prove or disprove the statement. At the time, though, homosexuality was a common practice among seventeenth-century seafarers in the Fujian region of China. That said, Zheng Zhilong did have two wives, one Chinese and one Japanese.

Illicit trysts weren’t the only forbidden items that pirates enjoyed. Some were dangerous to the pirates’ health. Opium’s addictiveness eventually led to war between Imperial China and Great Britain. Asian pirates often chewed betel nuts to pass the time. Chewers were easy to spot because the pirates’ smiles would be deep red or purple. The pirates who captured Edward Brown, a seaman taken captive in the 1850s, tried to share the betel-net, which they called “eu-kow-ong,” with him.

When I declined it, they appeared quite surprised, and would not be satisfied that I did not use it; but asked to look at my teeth, and showed symptoms of disgust at their natural white colour, at the same time pointing to their own, which were as black as ebony. They chew this nauseous nut all day long, and only take it out of their mouths while they are eating. . . .

Black teeth are with them an embellishment, rather than a disfigurement; they are coveted as much by them, as a good head of hair is by the English; and they are a necessary adjunct to opulence and respectability. (Brown, 117-118)

In modern times, Somali pirates prefer khat, a stimulant that can be chewed or brewed as tea. Chewing is the preferable way to partake of this “flower of paradise,” and the pirates will chew it for hours while with their friends. The bitter taste often compels them to drink highly sweetened tea or 7UP. When experiencing the euphoria that khat produces, pirates tend to think they are invincible. According to Abdirizak Ahmed, “I would either become relaxed and talkative, or a sex-crazy maniac bent on immediate satiation.” (Bahadur, 93)

Montage of Somali pirates that captured MV Faina
by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jason R. Zalasky, 2008
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Smoking was another habit among Asian pirates, and Edward Brown did join them.

[T]hey offered me paper cigars, which I gladly accepted; but when they gave me the materials, they were surprised that I could not roll them as neatly as they did themselves. (Brown, 118)

Western pirates also liked to smoke, although their preference was pipe smoking. Among the artifacts recovered from Queen Anne’s Revenge were pipes of white clay. After getting caught with Stede Bonnet, David Herriot said that they “took two Ships bound from Virginia for Glascow . . . and took about one hundred Weight of Tobacco out of each . . . .” (Tryals of Major, 46) It was plunder frequently taken that was easily and immediately divided amongst the pirates for their enjoyment. Smoking was so common that John Philips made mention of it in his company’s articles.

That Man shall snap his Arms, or smoak Tobacco in the Hold, without a cap to his Pipe, or carry a Candle lighted without a Lanthorn, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former Article. (In, 222 n255)

The aforesaid punishment was “Moses’ Law (that is 40 stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.” (In, 222, n255)

Phillips was one of those who used tobacco on his ship. Among the articles taken from him after his capture, was “a curious tobacco box.” (Pirates, 233)

Tobacco was such a fixture in pirates’ lives that they even smoked it when trying would-be deserters who sailed with Bartholomew Roberts.

The Place appointed for their Tryals, was the Steerage of the Ship; in order to which, a large Bowl of Rum Punch was made, and placed upon the Table, the Pipes and Tobacco being ready, the judicial Proceedings began; the Prisoners were brought forth, and Articles of Indictment against them read; they were arraigned upon a Statute of their own making, and the Letter of the Law being strong against them, and the Fact plainly proved, they were about to pronounce Sentence, when one of the Judges mov’d, that they should first Smoak t’other Pipe; which was accordingly done.

The pause permitted one pirate to stand up in defense of one of the defendants. After some more smoking and further deliberation, the other judges concurred that Henry Glasby would escape punishment. As to the remaining defendants, the pirates were adamant that they must be punished, but they were permitted to choose their own executioners before being “ty’d immediately to the Mast, and there shot dead . . . .” (Johnson, 185-187)

Roberts’s motto of “a merry Life and a short one” proved merry for those standing in judgment and a short one for those brought before the bar. Of course, pirates weren’t the only ones who liked to celebrate, especially if the merriment showed exactly what victims of piracy thought about the perpetrators of their misfortune. Roberts also suffered a short life, being shot in the throat after plundering the seas for only three years. Blackbeard’s comeuppance came after about a year and a half of terrorizing victims. He died during an engagement with Lieutenant Robert Maynard and his men in November 1718. Thache’s head was then severed from his body and hung from the bowsprit of Maynard’s sloop.

When the vessel which captured Blackbeard returned to Virginia, they set up his head on a pike planted at “Blackbeard point,” then an island. Afterwards, when his head was taken down, his skull was made into the bottom part of a very large punch bowl, called the infant, which was long used as a drinking vessel at the Raleigh tavern at Williamsburg. It was enlarged with silver, or silver plated; and I have seen those whose forefathers have spoken of drinking punch from it, with a silver ladle appurtenant to that bowl. (Watson, 2: 221)

Fact or fiction, who’s to say? Does it matter? It makes for a great story, and at the time, more than a few colonists were happy to celebrate the demise of the most notorious pirate of the day.

Part 1: Eat, Drink, and Be Merry          Part 2: Pirates Party Hearty          Part 3: Articles & Taverns

Part 4: On the Menu          Part 5: Yo Ho Ho and a Bottle of Run . . . But          Part 6: Lady Luck and Other Amusements

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While I worked on this article, my father passed away. He shared his affinity for the water and boats with me in my youth, which helped awaken a desire to write about pirates. This article is for him. Now that you are at peace and without pain, Dad, may you eat, drink, and be merry. Lee Aker Rest in peace

Copyright ©2024 Cindy Vallar

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